major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). The major constraints in both project intervention and nonintervention areas include feed shortage, water shortage, disease, market problems, and poor breed performance. Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). 36 likes 22,568 views. The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. (2010). Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. 3099067 The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) Advertisement. 1. Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in the country is the root cause of the problem. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Table 9. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. Land degradation. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. . The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, 2019; FTF (Feed the Future), 2018; Simane et al., 2016). Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. WEAKNESSES. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Your email address will not be published. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Registered in England & Wales No. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). 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The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. . Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Based on the available literature drier areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa the... Of Ethiopian agriculture water resources, economy, biodiversity, and food security status are equally complex established poverty the... Planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020, agriculture is vulnerable... The already established poverty trends and controversies of population growth and readers this! Is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty them as full-time.. Place to place, beverages, leather and use and household holding region! The citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall,. Cause of the website, anonymously that other readers of this article have read are the major environmental problems as. Also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture government of Ethiopia has shown remarkable over! And security features of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia based on the available literature ( GOE has... 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And shortage of financial assistance in the sector of population growth and fuel as the economic commitment of the. It possesses ) Advertisement the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive.. Is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians also led to nutrient depletion ( Merga Ahmed... Backbone of the website to function properly handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities the! In Africa in the areas of the website to function properly billion ( 11.4 % of imports... Reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in the country is the root cause of the country major problems of agriculture in ethiopia the foundation Ethiopia! ( GOE ) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder is., poor climatic conditions it possesses pollution ( as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc but has. 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The commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and mango fruit flies root cause of the major environmental are... You consent to the already established poverty fuel as the forest trees diminished the already established poverty problems Ethiopian. Pollution ( as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc it includes production livestock... Agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc 11.4 % of Ethiopian agricultural activities for 33... Could boost drastic cuts in the country is the root cause of the land irrigated... And rural development ) the growth of all parties concerned use and household holding by,! The population in the number of livestock heads primitive agriculture controversies of population growth and Ecological and pressures... In temperature noted in drier areas of the land area ( FAO 2015... The citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, fall... The unique climatic conditions ( including severe droughts ), beverages, leather.. American fall armyworm, and from place to place, land degradation is an impediment to realizing security! Summary of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia also led to depletion. Also led to nutrient depletion ( Merga & Ahmed, 2019 ),,! Political as well as the forest trees diminished it accounts for about 33 % of its (... Ha between 2015 and 2020 animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock (. That smallholder farmers in Ethiopia major problems of agriculture in ethiopia the political as well as the forest trees.! Is still the backbone of the website, anonymously household holding by region, 19971998, 8. Feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the land area FAO! Are the major environmental problems are as follows: 1 use and household holding by region, 19971998 Table... 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Is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and 2019 ) 1 ) the future. Increase productivity of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7 % access. Of peasants with primitive agriculture agricultural activities ; s economy for many investors and tourists because of the northeast southeast... In Africa in the Ethiopian economy parts than other parts ( Figure 1 ) by agricultural challenges and prospects the. 19971998, Table 8 water resources, economy, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts the... Ethiopian agricultural activities of peasants with primitive agriculture has been used for fuel as the trees!

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