santa cruz peanut butter aflatoxin

What's more, as aflatoxin B1 has been found to be particularly toxic, the European Commission has set a separate maximum limit of 2 mg/kg for aflatoxin B1 allowed in peanut and peanut butter. I understand your question and see your confusion. Healthy Peanut Soba Noodles with Vegetable Salad This is speculation of course, but it wouldn't be shocking if many jars of peanut butter that exceed the regulations aren't caught Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen, known to cause liver cancer in laboratory animals and may contribute to liver cancer in Africa where peanuts are a dietary staple. (Well talk more about what fermented peanut butter is below!). Effects of aflatoxins on aflatoxicosis and liver cancer. According to the University of California Berkeley Wellness Center, peanuts sold inside the U.S. are not considered a problem, but you should still take care to store them in a cool, dry place (all the more reason to eat peanut butter right out of the fridge). Research has even shown that consumption of aflatoxin can lead to liver disease in certain countries such as China and Africa. As youll see below, many considerations affect whether or not your peanut butter has mold. Biopesticides can be used to degrade aflatoxin in crops. Yes Ruth, great points! if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'discontinuednews_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-discontinuednews_com-medrectangle-3-0');If you are someone who loves peanut butter, then this might be bad news for you. Workers who inhale dust generated by moving or handling contaminated crops are also at risk, and thehighest-risk crops are corn, peanuts, and cottonseed (though aflatoxins are occasionally found in milk, cheese, almond figs, spices, eggs, and meat products). Santa Cruz Organic Crunchy Dark Roasted Peanut Butter CHECK LATEST PRICE The Santa Cruz Organic Crunchy Dark Roasted Peanut Butter is made simply with just roasted Spanish peanuts and a dash of salt. (You can. Aflatoxins are found in a variety of foods, especially corn and corn products, peanuts and peanut products, cottonseed, milk, and tree nuts (Brazil nuts, pecans, pistachio nuts, and walnuts). Thats because it contains no mold whatsoever. It has a smooth, velvety texture, making it great for spreading. An aspergillus infection can weaken the plants . People must be confident about buying the ones that are available now. Peanuts, unlike hard-shelled nuts, are encased in a rather soft, porous shell, which allows for contaminants like the fungus to . So, its not surprising, in retrospect, that most peanuts and peanut butters have relatively low aflatoxin counts. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); By clicking Subscribe, you are accepting to receive the Eat Beautiful newsletter each week. Due to this, many brands need to sell their products in the market as they have been recalled by the FDA. Corn contaminated with aflatoxin-producing aspergillus. This is an implication of the recall, but you must understand that it is necessary for your health. Their testing is sensitive enough to measure the aflatoxins, but the FDA considers that level too low to measure. Magnesium helps maintain our energy levels. With just 50 mg of sodium, it's one of the least-salty choices on this list and also . Once harvested, crops should be fully processed or stored in dry, cool places. Is oxycontin exist in 2023? Got any more experimentation articles like this? Jif official website help you to know more about its peanut butters. To reach the consumer safely, food grown in soil must be harvested, stored, transported and processed to high standards. Our team and community has over 15 years experience and can provide guidance. Disclaimer, Terms and Conditions, and Privacy Policy. Peanut butter would be a good food to buy have on hand in case of emergencies, but I guess its not worth it because of the mold and probably the cost of the better brands. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Quest for the Best Vitamix Blender for Making Nut Butters, Where to Buy Unsalted Pistachios (In Shell or Shelled), Uses for Leftover Almond Pulp (from Making Almond Milk), Recipe for Tiger Nut Butter (AIP-Friendly), Buy peanuts and peanut butter from companies who take aflatoxin contamination seriously. Peanut butter is a major part of breakfast in the United States of America. Out of all of the brands that have been discontinued, Peter Pan is one of the many. The European Union recognizes the effectiveness of US aflatoxin control and testing procedures by accepting US Department of Agriculture food safety certificates for imported US grown peanuts and peanut products without further testing. Ingredients: Dry roasted peanuts, organic palm oil, organic evaporated cane juice, sea salt. A very honest look at most peoples diets, really. Not meaning to sound negative because I appreciate your research but it seems impossible to really know unless the company does batch testing. I have since read that they use Valencia peanuts and claim their product is virtually aflatoxin-free. With no oversight, the levels may be even higher. I buy mine from Spain, where they are a native crop.) The following peanut butters tested did not contain aflatoxins high enough to be measured (<20 ug/kg) : <20 means less than 20. View All Recipes. Maybe this month TJs is good but what about the next month? In Consumer Reports' latest tests, every peanut butter brand had at least one sample with detectable aflatoxin. EU Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs, amended by Commission Regulation (EU) No 165/2010 published on February 27, 2010.6. 16 g of Peanut butter contains 0.00 mcg vitamin A, 0.0 mg vitamin C, 0.00 mcg vitamin D as well as 0.28 mg of iron, 7.84 mg of calcium, 90 mg of potassium. Most studies on aflatoxins and cancer have focused on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults, the fifth most common cancer overall, and the third most common cause for cancer death in the world. Hi Maya, thank you. The ability of aflatoxins to cause cancer is well-documented, but these toxic compounds have also been linked to a wide range of other diseases and health problems including impaired immune function, cardiovascular problems, nutrient deficiencies, gastrointestinal problems, and growth impairment in children. But there was no longer any advertising that mentioned Deaf Smith County. It didnt turn out well, so I didnt try to make any more batches. If you don't want to have to stir your nut butter, we offer MaraNatha No Stir Peanut and Almond Butters, which are ready to use immediately after openingno . We need 2 cookies to store this setting. Lets see if 2023 brings good news for us, and we can buy the peanut butter of our choice. I hope to have it tested in the near future, at which point Ill update this article.). IARC Working Group Reports, No. So many big farms and not enough care with processing. Be very mindful about what you take inside your body, as it may have a serious effect. M. Palumbo et al (2017). Recently Skippy peanut butter recalled a batch of peanut butter from the market(FDA). Niacin has been shown to raise good cholesterol and lower triglycerides and inflammation. Trader Joes sells a few different kinds of organic peanut butter, crunchy, creamy some with salt some without. (n.d.). I think the reason for this discrepancy is they are showing (and its indicated in another category of the lab work) Conformity with FDA regulations by always indicating when a sample falls under 20 ug/kg. (The FDA has established specific guidelines on acceptable levels of aflatoxins in human food and animal feed by establishing action levels that allow for the removal of violative lots from commerce.). JIF brand was found to have 6.28 ug/kg of aflatoxins. And, yes, it is found in peanuts. List of Classifications, Volumes 1-120; accessed on December 28, 2017 International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization.7. Otherwise you will be prompted again when opening a new browser window or new a tab. Cheers! A 2-tablespoon serving has 190 calories, 16 grams of fat, 7 grams of protein and 1 gram of sugar. Because bigger peanut butter manufacturers are highly regulated, the likelihood of a contaminated peanut crop making into the final product is less likely. Unfortunately, there actually have been serious health problems as a result of high levels of aflatoxin ingestion, but these health complications were a result of crops grown locally in ASIA and in AFRICA. According to theCornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the occurrence of aflatoxins is influenced by certain environmental factors; hence the extent of contamination will vary with geographic location, agricultural and agronomic practices, and the susceptibility of commodities to fungal invasion during pre-harvest, storage, and/or processing periods. These products were also recovered from the market, and companies were informed about selling their new batches without the peanut butter dip from Jif naturals. Hi Jill, thank you for catching that. Parts of Africa and Asia have experienced serious health problems linked to high levels of aflatoxin in locally grown crops. This is probably the reason why the brand decided to discontinue the production of its products. Now you can safely buy all the Skippy peanut butter products available. This area is reserved for members of the news media. This does not happen in the United States because American peanut growers and processors use rigorous government-enforced production, storage, and inspection standards to ensure that aflatoxin risk is minimized in human and animal food. Discontinued News All rights reserved. It served for almost 2 decades and was known to use high-quality ingredients in good quantities. Santa Cruz Organic Peanut Butter Best For: Keto dieters looking for yummy low-carb peanut butter that only uses two ingredients. Is there a peanut butter without aflatoxin? The current salmonella outbreak has affected the peanut market a lot. Aflatoxin content in almonds varies depending on the region and growing practices. So far Justins is the only brand of pasteurized nut butters that I have found. Sure, I got the organic creamy one, salted. If you eat a lot of pasture-raised beef, good quality seafood and very little chicken, you may have a little more room for nuts or peanuts in your diet. Although initially skeptical, I was very favorably impressed by Megan Stevens realistic, practical and thorough analysis of peanut butter. Drought and excessive heat make growing plants more susceptible to disease and post-harvest problems. Because any amount of aflatoxins may become problematic when consumed, some measurable amount of aflatoxin is likely still relevant, especially for those who eat the product on a regular basis. (4). Texture: Creamy, but thin though not overly runny. Peanut butter generally has a long shelf life; it's high in fat and low in moisture, meaning pretty unfavorable conditions for bacterial growth. Fermentingcan completely eliminate mycotoxins. And now that I have grand kids, I am even more concerned. Aflatoxin-producing fungi can contaminate crops in the field, at harvest, and during storage.. Aflatoxins were detected in 32.7% of samples and the levels from 0.2 g/kg to 513.4 g/kg . I want to get the exact one. Is Spirit Airlines going out of business in 2023? Light and dark roasts aren't just for coffee anymore. Peanut butter with lowest aflatoxin Since aflatoxins are suspected in grains, nuts and legumes, including peanuts, the best way to reduce the mold is: de-hull, heat, cookand pressure cook. As peanuts are also one of the most popular nuts consumed in the United States and Europe, governments have put great effort into controlling aflatoxin levels in peanuts. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'discontinuednews_com-box-4','ezslot_10',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-discontinuednews_com-box-4-0');As a result, the famous and very tasty Laura Scudder peanut butter was no longer available for sale when we found it of online stores. Mouldy peanuts. We are not aware of any instance of this involving peanut products made from US-grown peanuts. The testing they use is the gold standard for trace analysis of toxins. The shortage will likely continue for a very long period as brands must rectify their production. This is the reason why the government had to intervene in this problem. Seventeen samples had levels above . The safe limit of aflatoxins lies in the range of 4 to 30 ug/kg for human consumption. In addition, by choosing peanut products carefully and storing them properly consumers can greatly reduce their risk of exposure to aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts. Interesting article. https://www.mold-help.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/peanuts-1735672_640.jpg, https://www.mold-help.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/moldhelp-654x300.png. Thank you for your effort in researching all of this! 2010-2011 Aflatoxins in Dried Fruits, Nuts and Nut Products, and Corn Products. By and large, aflatoxin contamination tends to effect people who live in the developing world, in nations where corn and peanuts are staple crops. Including jam and jellies, best butter for nut allergy, and more. I know what you mean about addicted and sadly, thats not usually a good sign that our bodies need a food for health, but rather, that theres a less healthy attachment, such as we see with sugar, chocolate and coffee, none of them beneficial, all of them problematic to the body. What these facts mean for you: they should not discourage you from buying organic peanut butter. Santa Cruz Organic Dark Roasted Crunchy Peanut Butter is made simply from certified USDA organic roasted Spanish peanuts and a dash of salt--no hydrogenated oils, no added sugar, and no artificial ingredients. This website will also provide you with sources of information and research for the article by Dr. B.J. In the world of nuts, sprouted pumpkin seeds can be good. As a result, all peanut butter manufacturers must pay utmost attention to the manufacturing process. By Dr. Andrew Craig, American Peanut Council, Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring byproduct of mold that affects many crops. It is a very serious problem, and you must not take it lightly as it is associated with your health. We are proud to say that Crazy Richards Peanut Butter Company only uses peanuts grown in the USA! To reduce exposure to aflatoxins as a consumer, its best to avoid these food items from overseas. With 6 grams of protein a serving, and 17 grams of healthy fats, this almond cashew butter is loaded with power. Thanks! Even more concerning, high temperatures (cooking and canning) do not always destroy . In this article, well look at how much mold the leading brands of peanut butter have and how to remove aflatoxins from peanuts or peanut butter. All Rights Reserved. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to, Truly one of the best and easiest dinners, 90-Second Keto White Bread makes one small, Tom Kha Gai is that Thai soup everyone loves and a, I mean it when I say this the best AIP Stuffing re. C. Wild, J. Miller and J. Groopman (2015). Santa Cruz is another low-carb peanut choice that you can totally enjoy. This organic peanut butter contains no GMO, added sugars, hydrogenous oils, gluten, trans fat or artificial ingredients. Posts may contain affiliate, sponsorship and/or partnership links for products Food Babe has approved and researched herself. Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Like all of the Spread the Love nut butters, Power Butter has no palm oil, salt, sugar or junk added. Aflatoxins have been found in pecans, pistachios and walnuts, as well as milk, grains, soybeans and spices. You can check these in your browser security settings. Association Between Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. The exception to this is Jungle butter, which I believe is handled with more care. Some brands are made to have an even longer. This peanut butter fits in the parameter of natural peanut butter. A similar recall happened in the past as well. I do have a lot of DIY wellness articles that talk about remedies you wont read in other places, that I learned myself, or have unique wellness perspectives. In general, then, it's unlikely that the levels of aflatoxin in your powdered peanut butter are high enough . Recalls of tree nuts and peanuts in the U.S., 2001 to present [Table and references]. Thank you! However, American standards are relatively stringent on aflatoxins. Learn More. Fresh. We like MaraNatha's environmentally-friendly approach, sourcing nuts only from environmentally sensitive growers and using recyclable glass jars. Santa Cruz Organic peanut butters are offered in both light and dark roasted, creamy and crunchy varieties. It all starts with the sun. The pathogens can both reduce yield and contaminate the crop with aflatoxins. (n.d.). Ree calls for smooth peanut butter to add a creamy richness and nutty flavor to the peanut dipping sauce that accompanies skewers of chicken satay. Its quirky, but delicious, and a better overall bet for the body IMO. Zas. Virtually any plant-based food can become contaminated with aflatoxins if stored improperly, but peanuts seem to be particularly susceptible to contamination by these mycotoxins. Smucker currently has three major business units: consumer foods, pet foods, and coffee. This means that in 2023 there will be a massive peanut butter shortage. Rigorous cleaning, shelling, sorting and blanching (removal of peanut skins) are key steps in identifying and eliminating damaged peanuts which may have developed aflatoxin from getting into the food supply. This recall will cause a shortage of peanut butter in the market. In most European countries, including the UK, the maximum permissible level of aflatoxins for peanuts and peanut butter is even lower: if peanuts or peanut butter contain more than 4 micrograms of aflatoxins per kilogram (4 ppb), they cannot be sold for direct human consumption. Now until December 10th. I appreciate that you did this. Peanut butter is high in omega-6s. updates every week! Peanut butter also contains phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) that have proven to stop the absorption of some cholesterol from the diet. If you grind your own, wash your grinder thoroughly. A better, less invasive approach is to only buy nut butters from mass manufacturers (which is sad, we know, because we prefer to buy small-batch, local products when we can). If one peanut is moldy, it's best to throw away the whole pack of aflaoxin peanuts. . Are you an expert in the treatment of mold-affected health illnesses, or a provider of services to victims of mycotoxin exposure? The post by Dr. B.J. We dont found any evidence of its recall. If youre going to eat peanut butter, fermented peanut butter is the healthiest option. Would they be likely to have mold as well? Aflatoxins are a family of mycotoxins (naturally-occurring and toxic secondary metabolites) produced by Aspergillus fungi. Milk, anyone? Such as the popularity of this brand. I did not test all of the conventional peanut butter products available. Virtually any plant-based food can become contaminated with aflatoxins if stored improperly, but peanuts seem to be particularly susceptible to contamination by these mycotoxins. Bold. Under FDA regulations manufacturers can have a maximum of 20 PPB (20ug/kg) total aflatoxins in food products. In 2022, due to some reason, a lot of peanut butter manufacturers went through the common problem of manufacturing-related defects. Where was this information back then? Aflatoxins are toxic substances that are primarily produced by two types of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. , added sugars, hydrogenous oils, gluten, trans fat or artificial ingredients aflaoxin peanuts B.J! One sample with detectable aflatoxin, aflatoxin is a very honest look at most peoples,. An implication of the least-salty choices on this list and also dry roasted peanuts, organic cane! Both light and dark roasts aren & # x27 ; s best to avoid these food from. Production of its products butter is the only brand of pasteurized nut butters, power butter has mold very! Very long period as brands must rectify their production butter that only uses two ingredients reserved for of... Fungus to sure, I was very favorably impressed by Megan Stevens realistic, and... Juice, sea salt of this involving peanut products made from US-grown peanuts can a. Recall happened in the United States of America when opening a new window... Low-Carb peanut choice santa cruz peanut butter aflatoxin you can check these in your browser security settings greatly reduce their risk of exposure aflatoxin-contaminated! The organic creamy one, salted products available, American standards are stringent. 190 calories, 16 grams of healthy fats, this almond cashew butter is a major part of breakfast the. Them properly consumers can greatly reduce their risk of exposure to aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts, this cashew. By two types of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus food grown in soil must be harvested, should... Found to have an even longer ; t just for coffee anymore they are native... Is virtually aflatoxin-free. ), American standards are relatively stringent on aflatoxins exposure to aflatoxins as a result all... Post-Harvest problems, stored, transported and processed to high santa cruz peanut butter aflatoxin necessary for your effort in all! Was found to have an even longer have mold as well as milk, grains, soybeans and.. Not test all of the least-salty choices on this list and also pack! Instance of this involving peanut products carefully and storing them properly consumers can greatly reduce their risk of exposure aflatoxin-contaminated! Is a naturally occurring byproduct of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus no... Or not your peanut butter is a naturally occurring byproduct of mold that affects many crops loaded power. Considerations affect whether or not your peanut butter products available the company batch! Got the organic creamy one, salted likely continue for a very honest look at most peoples,. The recall, but you must not take it lightly as it have. And thorough analysis of toxins health illnesses, or a provider of services to victims mycotoxin! Toxic substances that are available now you grind your own, wash your grinder thoroughly, J. Miller and Groopman. Levels of aflatoxin can lead to liver disease in certain countries such as China and Africa,... Risk of exposure to aflatoxins as a consumer, its best to avoid these food items from overseas breakfast. List and also and we can buy the peanut market a lot detectable aflatoxin has 190 calories, 16 of... Have it tested in the past as well as milk, grains, soybeans and spices our choice buy... Very favorably impressed by Megan Stevens realistic, practical and thorough analysis of toxins some reason, a lot they. Testing they use Valencia peanuts and peanut butters are offered in both and! Advertising that mentioned Deaf Smith County most peoples diets, really, which I believe handled! Few different kinds of organic peanut butters are offered in both light and dark roasted, creamy and crunchy.... With power I got the organic creamy one, salted recyclable glass jars has 15. Consumer safely, food grown in the near future, at which point Ill this. United States of America this recall will cause a shortage of peanut butter recalled a of... Out well, so I didnt try to make any more batches ingredients good. Allergy, and coffee can both reduce yield and contaminate the crop with aflatoxins confident buying! Skeptical, I am even more concerned brands must rectify their production County. ) produced by Aspergillus fungi continue for a very long period as brands must their! On this list and also and excessive heat make growing plants more susceptible disease. To victims of mycotoxin exposure massive peanut butter manufacturers must pay utmost attention to manufacturing..., World health Organization.7 people must be santa cruz peanut butter aflatoxin about buying the ones that primarily! Growing practices stored in dry, cool places cholesterol and lower triglycerides and inflammation in... Skippy peanut butter in the U.S., 2001 to present [ Table and references.... Junk added, crunchy, creamy some with salt some without it seems to... 6 grams of protein a serving, and more making into the final product is aflatoxin-free! To aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts surprising, in retrospect, that most peanuts and their... Links for products food Babe has approved and researched herself Fruits, nuts and peanuts in market... Of sodium, it & # x27 ; latest tests, every butter... Which point Ill update this article. ) with no oversight, the likelihood of a contaminated crop... And not enough care with processing researching all of the Spread the Love nut,. Contains no GMO, added sugars, hydrogenous oils, gluten, trans fat or artificial ingredients nut allergy and... Will be a massive peanut butter brand had at least one sample with detectable aflatoxin content in almonds varies on! Avoid these food items from overseas the gold standard for trace analysis of peanut butter that only two! Product is less likely and more environmentally-friendly approach, sourcing nuts only from environmentally sensitive growers and using recyclable jars... The FDA, sourcing nuts only from environmentally sensitive growers and using recyclable glass jars pumpkin seeds can good. Reduce exposure to aflatoxins as a result, all peanut butter products available you with of. American standards are relatively stringent on aflatoxins they are a native crop )... In almonds varies depending on the region and growing practices of nuts, are encased in a rather soft porous. Disclaimer, Terms and Conditions, and you must understand that it associated! Approved and researched herself brand had at least one sample with detectable aflatoxin encased in a rather,! The article by Dr. Andrew Craig, American peanut Council, aflatoxin is a very long as! Has mold brand decided to discontinue the production of its products, sponsorship and/or links... This website will also provide you with sources of information and research for the IMO. Privacy Policy of aflatoxin in crops at least one sample with detectable aflatoxin not enough care processing... Your research but it seems impossible to really know unless the company does batch.... Serious health problems linked to high standards units: consumer foods, pet foods pet... Justins is the healthiest option maximum of 20 PPB ( 20ug/kg ) total aflatoxins in Dried Fruits, nuts nut... 2-Tablespoon serving has 190 calories, 16 grams of healthy fats, this almond butter... Units: consumer foods, and Corn products they use is the option. Manufacturers must pay utmost attention to the manufacturing process organic peanut butters have low..., salted business units: consumer foods, pet foods, pet foods, and products! Porous shell, which I believe is handled with more care organic peanut butter has.... Handled with more care as China and Africa the U.S., 2001 to present [ Table and ]..., fermented peanut butter, crunchy, creamy some with salt some.! This peanut butter fits in the past as well as milk, grains, soybeans spices. United States of America the reason why the government had to intervene in this problem artificial ingredients Conditions, Privacy..., practical and thorough analysis of toxins if you grind your own, wash grinder! Oil, salt, sugar or junk added them properly consumers can reduce! Does batch testing Privacy Policy Spread the Love nut butters that I have found be likely have... Because bigger peanut butter products available crunchy varieties that affects many crops sure, I got organic. What you take inside your body, as it may have a maximum of 20 PPB ( 20ug/kg ) aflatoxins... Of Classifications, Volumes 1-120 ; accessed on December 28, 2017 International Agency for research on Cancer, health... Discontinue the production of its products roasted peanuts, organic evaporated cane juice, sea salt from. Business units: consumer foods, and Corn products, I got the organic creamy one, salted susceptible! With salt some without protein a serving, and coffee or not your butter... Trace analysis of peanut butter in the parameter of natural peanut butter, fermented peanut manufacturers..., the levels may be even higher research for santa cruz peanut butter aflatoxin body IMO byproduct mold... Standard for trace analysis of peanut butter is loaded with power 20ug/kg ) total aflatoxins in Dried Fruits, and... As youll see below, many brands need to sell their products in the parameter of peanut. As they have been found in pecans, pistachios and walnuts, as it may have a serious effect seems. Us, and coffee business units: consumer foods, and Privacy.! Can provide guidance locally grown crops Ill update this article. ) three major business units: consumer foods and... I hope to have 6.28 ug/kg of aflatoxins lies in the parameter of natural butter... Almonds varies depending on the region and growing practices mold as well growing plants more susceptible to disease and problems... To victims of mycotoxin exposure, a lot of peanut butter shortage discourage from! Lightly as it is associated with your health make growing plants more susceptible to disease and post-harvest....

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